General security

Python for exploit development: Common vulnerabilities and exploits

Howard Poston
March 25, 2021 by
Howard Poston

Python is one of the most famous and popular programming languages for a variety of reasons.  It is a very easy language to learn and use, yet is also very versatile and powerful due to the vast number of available Python libraries.

Python is a useful tool for exploit development because it can be used to discover, explore, and exploit a wide range of vulnerabilities.  Python scripts are quick and easy to write, making it possible to iterate quickly when designing and testing exploit code.

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Learn Python for Pentesting

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Identifying exploitable vulnerabilities

The first step in exploiting vulnerabilities using Python is identifying a vulnerability to exploit.  A number of resources exist for learning about vulnerabilities including:

  • OWASP: The Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP) provides a number of resources for educating about web application vulnerabilities.  While most famous for their Top Ten List of web application vulnerabilities, they also have lists for other types of vulnerabilities (web APIs, etc.) and other resources for learning about vulnerability exploitation and remediation.
  • CWE: The Common Weaknesses Enumeration (CWE) is a resource designed to categorize and educate about the different types of vulnerabilities that appear within software.  Each CWE has detailed information and examples of the vulnerability, and a variety of different views are available to look at the most impactful vulnerabilities, language-specific vulnerabilities, etc.
  • CVE: The Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) project details each publicly-revealed vulnerability in software.  It provides information about the vulnerable application, how the vulnerability works, and links to relevant CWEs.

Some of these resources are designed for general vulnerability awareness, while others can be used actively as part of exploit development.  While performing reconnaissance on a target, banner grabbing and other techniques can be used to determine the version information of an application.

This information can then be compared to the CVE listing to determine if any known vulnerabilities exist for that particular application.  If so, the CVE entry (and linked CWE pages) may provide useful information or sample code for exploiting the vulnerability.

Buffer overflows: An easily exploited vulnerability

After identifying a potential vulnerability, the next step is to determine its exploitability.  Different vulnerabilities may be easier or harder to exploit, especially using Python.

A buffer overflow vulnerability is an example of a vulnerability that can be easily exploited using Python.  This error in memory allocation and management can be exploited by forcing the application to attempt to store more data in an allocated buffer than actually fits, typically through providing a very large user input.

Python code can be applied to exploitation of a buffer overflow vulnerability in a couple of different ways.  One advantage of Python for buffer overflow exploitation is its support for string multiplication.  The Python code A*100, creates a string of one hundred A characters, which can overflow a buffer of length 99 or less.

Python is also useful for exploiting buffer overflow vulnerabilities over the network.  The scapy library supports the creation of custom packets, and libraries for the HTTP, DNS, SMB, and other protocols allow crafting of requests designed specifically to exploit buffer overflows and other vulnerabilities.

Learn Python for Pentesting

Learn Python for Pentesting

Build your Python pentesting skills with four hands-on courses courses covering Python basics, exploiting vulnerabilities, and performing network and web app penetration tests.

Conclusion

Software vulnerabilities are common, and understanding the most common types of vulnerabilities is invaluable for exploit development.  With this understanding, penetration testers can leverage the capabilities of Python to rapidly and automatically identify and exploit vulnerabilities as part of their engagements.

Sources

OWASP Foundation, https://owasp.org/

CVE, https://cve.mitre.org/

Common Weakness Enumeration, https://cwe.mitre.org/

Buffer Overflow OWASP, https://owasp.org/www-community/vulnerabilities/Buffer_Overflow

CWE 119, https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/119.html

How to Use Python to Multiply Strings, https://www.pythoncentral.io/use-python-multiply-strings/

Howard Poston
Howard Poston

Howard Poston is a copywriter, author, and course developer with experience in cybersecurity and blockchain security, cryptography, and malware analysis. He has an MS in Cyber Operations, a decade of experience in cybersecurity, and over five years of experience as a freelance consultant providing training and content creation for cyber and blockchain security. He is also the creator of over a dozen cybersecurity courses, has authored two books, and has spoken at numerous cybersecurity conferences. He can be reached by email at howard@howardposton.com or via his website at https://www.howardposton.com.